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Free Printable - Blank Materia Medica Monograph

7/17/2020

8 Comments

 
Picture
When I was going to school at Dominion Herbal College, the main focal point of my studies for the first two of my four years was Materia Medica. Materia Medica is in essence, knowing/memorizing the medicinal use of plants. Yet, it goes so much more beyond that. As a clinical herbalist you are required to know the individual herbs you are working with, you must known their medicinal actions, their chemical constituents, the various body systems they are best for, and also their pharmaceutical applications, dosage, contraindications, what herbs are not appropriate with prescription drugs, and what herb combinations are best for certain conditions. Putting this knowledge to practice was a challenge! What I found even more challenging was that there was no pre-determined way in which to learn the material beyond just taking notes from books and lectures.

I am a visual learner, and I learn best when things are organized and easy/appealing to look at. I also find that material is more easily memorized when I write things down versus typing things in a graph or on a paper. I imagine I am not the only one, and likely was not the only student often frustrated with how to learn hundreds of herbs.

Today I have students of my own, both in herbal medicine and in holistic nutrition. On both ends of the spectrum, they learn about herbs. Obviously those training to be clinical herbalists or master herbalists are studying many more plants and in far greater depth than those studying holistic nutrition, but I feel this printable can be used by professional or informational studies alike.

At the bottom of this field you will find two files. One of them is an example on how to fill in the form, and the other is the actual blank form. Both can be downloaded.

I hope you enjoy this little gift of learning, and hope you will utilize it in your studies!

With love of learning,
​Petra Sovcov - CHT
how_to_monograph_example.pdf
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Understanding Herbs - Marshmallow (Althea officinalis)

7/15/2020

4 Comments

 
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Indigenous to Asia minor and the greater part of Europe. Later naturalized on the east coast of the US in New England and New York – partial to salt marshes, damp meadows, by the sides of ditches, and by the sea and on the banks of tidal rivers.

The generic name Althea, is derived from the Greek, altho (to cure), from its healing properties. The name of the order, Malvaceae, is derived from the Greek malake (soft), from the special qualities of the Mallows in softening and healing.

Most of the Mallows have been used as food, and are mentioned by early classic writers. Mallow was a vegetable dish among the Romans and was considered a delicacy. In many other parts of the world it was used during times of famine.

Dioscorides extols it as a remedy, and in ancient days it was not only valued as a medicine, but was used, especially the Musk Mallow, to decorate the graves of friends.
Uses for Marshmallow have been documented for over 2,000 years.

Family: Malvaceae
 
Parts Used: Root (On a two to three year old plant) – Also the Leaves and occasionally the Flowers
Root is collected early in the spring or fall.
The leaves are picked in August, when the flowers are just coming into bloom. They should be stripped off singly and gathered only on a fine day, in the morning, after the dew has been dried off by the sun.
 
Other Common Names: Mallards, Mauls, Schloss Tea, Cheeses, Mortification Root, Guimauve tea, Malve, Malvavisco, Malvavisce, GulKhairu, K’uei, Sweet Weed, Wymote, Witte Malve
 
Misc:
  • Planetary Alignment – Venus (Culpepper)

Actions:
Emollient
Protective
Nutritive
Demulcent
Anti-inflammatory
Anti-Irritant
Alterative
Antitussive
Vulnerary
Diuretic
Moistening
Soothing

  • Marshmallow supplies an abundance of vegetable mucilage and easily assimilated calcium making it a powerful anti-inflammatory and anti-irritant for the gastro-intestinal tract.
​
​Chemical Constituents:
Starch
Mucilage
Pectin
Sugars
Asparagin
Flavonoids
Tannins
Scopoletin
Salt
Phenolic acids
Acidic polysaccharides

What are its uses?

Head, Ears, Eyes, Nose, and Throat:
  • Inflammation of the eyes (as a decoction/wash)
  • Gargle for sore throat (as a strong decoction)
  • Inflammation of the mouth or pharynx
  • Softens, and breaks up hard tissues and old scars
  • “A person wishing to clear his vision should look for dew on the mallow. He should smear his eyes and eyelids with this dew, which he will have found in the morning or at night, when the night is clear, pure, and calm. He should then sleep for a while.” – Hildegard von Bingen 12th century
 
Integumentary System (Skin):
  • Bruises
  • Sprains
  • Inflammation (topical/poultice)
  • Mortification (topical/poultice – mixed with slippery elm and applied hot/warm)
  • Boils
  • Abscesses
  • Ulcers
  • Old wounds
  • Topically for blood poisoning or gangrene, or septic wounds
  • Eczema (topical wash)
  • Psoriasis (topical wash)
  • Hoarseness
  • Varicose ulcers
  • Varicose veins
  • Scalds
  • Mature complexion
  • Dry complexion
  • Allergies
  • Insect bites/Bee or Wasp sting (Bruised leaves topically over bite)
  • Dandruff (As a rinse made with a heavy decoction of the root)

Mental Health:
  • “If melancholy, brought forth by various fevers, makes a person’s brain ail, one should crush mallow and twice as much sage in a mortar, and sprinkle it with olive oil. He should put this on his head, from the forehead, over the top, and to the back of the head, and tie it with a cloth. Repeat for three days, and for these three days refresh it at night with additional oil, or vinegar” – Hildegard von Bingen 12th century
Nervous System:
  • Nothing to Report
 
Respiratory System:
  • Any irritation to the upper respiratory tract
  • “Boiled in wine or milk, Marshmallow will relieve diseases of the chest, constituting a popular remedy for coughs, bronchitis, Whooping-cough, etc.” – Grieves
  • Catarrh/Congestion of the respiratory organs
  • Dry cough
  • Triggering reflex mechanisms that travel through the spinal nerves, its demulcent action is valuable for all lung ailments, respiratory catarrh, and coughs.  – James Green, Herbalist
  • Bronchitis (including chronic)
  • Asthma
  • Emphysema
  • Pneumonia

​Digestive System:
  • Any irritation to the alimentary canal
  • Dysentery (recommended to use the powdered root boiled in milk – traditional)
  • Stomach ulcers
  • Duodenal ulcers
  • Peptic Ulcer
  • Gastric Ulcer
  • Hiatus hernia
  • Slow digestion
  • Diarrhea
  • Crohn’s Disease
  • Colitis
  • Acidic stomach
  • GERD
  • Low digestive enzyme production (leaves) with gastric acidity (leaves and roots)
  • Constipation
  • Hemorrhoids (external)
  • Colic pains
  • Enteritis

​Urinary/Renal System:
  • Any irritation to the urinary tract
  • Painful complaints of the urinary organs
  • Hemorrhage from the urinary organs
  • Inflammation of the kidney’s and bladder
  • Cystitis
  • Kidney stones and gravel
  • Painful, scanty urination
  • Strangury
  • Hematuria
  • Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
  • Renal (Kidney) irritation
  • Strangury (pain in the urethra)
 
Endocrine System (Hormones):
  • Nothing to Report
 
Cardiovascular System:
  • High blood pressure with water retnetion
 
Circulatory System:
  • Nothing to Report
 
Immune/Lymphatic System:
  • Septic conditions of moderate severity
​
​Reproductive System:
  • Gonorrhea
  • The juice of the leaves drank in wine, or a decoction of root is said to help women to a speedy and easy delivery – Culpepper 1826
 
Musculoskeletal System:
  • Any ache in the muscles or sinew
  • Inflammation or irritation in the joints
  • Arthritis
  • Stiff/dry joints with cracking

​Specific Diseases/States/Infections/Viruses/Bacteria:
  • Individuals who are dried out and over heated
  • Individuals who are giving up smoking
  • Helps regulate water and drive moisture into tissues
  • Individuals going through Chemotherapy (drink as a cold extraction, up to ½ gallon daily)
  • Thirst with copious urination or no thirst with systemic dryness
 
Combinations:
  • Pectoral Tea: Mixture of thinly cut marshmallow root 8 parts, peeled licorice root 3 parts, orris root 1 part, colt’s foot leaves 4 parts, mullein flowers and star anise each 2 parts. – National Dispensatory 1879
  • Pectoral Tea 2: Equal parts of the flowers of mallow, marshmallow, mouse-ear, colt’s foot, red poppy, violet, and mullein. Although composed of seven flowers, it is known in France as quatre-fleurs. – National Dispensatory 1879
  • With Comfrey and American Cranesbill for peptic ulcers
  • With White Horehound, Licorice Root, and Coltsfoot for pulmonary disease
  • With White Horehound and/or Lobelia for coughs
  • With parsley and hydrangea root as a tea for kidney stones and gravel
  • With St. John’s Wort and Calendula as a poultice or salve for soothing and healing skin inflammation and ulcers.
  • With Red Raspberry Leave as a soothing wash to soothe inflamed eyes.
  • With slipper elm for burns, scalds, sunburn, and as an ointment
  • With honey and garlic for sore throat or mouth sores

Pharmacy

Max Daily Dose:
  • 3 to 6ml of 1:5 Tincture (Root)
  • 3 to 6ml of 1:2 Liquid Extract (Leaf)

Max Weekly Dose:
  • 20 to 40ml of 1:5 Tincture (Root)
  • 20 to 40ml of 1:2 Liquid Extract (Leaf)

Applications

Infusion:
  • For an infusion of the leaf, pour boiling water onto 1 to 2 teaspoons of the dried leaf and let infuse for 10 minutes. Drink 1 cup, three times daily.          
Decoction:
  • The decoction can be made by adding 5 pints of water to ¼ lb of dried root, boiling down to 3 pints and straining: it should not be made too thick and viscid.
  • Cold Decoction: Half to 1 teaspoon shredded root or powder to each cup of cold water. Stand overnight. Dose, half to 1 cup. Also used externally as a douche for inflamed eyes.
            Tincture:
  • 1:5 @ 25% Dose is 5 to 15ml
  • 1:5 @ 25% 1 to 4ml three times daily
            Liquid/Fluid Extract:
  • 1:1 @ 25%. Dose is 2 to 5ml
            Powder:
  • Average dose, 2-5 grams dried root three times daily. For best results plant should not be boiled
Syrup:
  • Syrup of Marshmallow is made by macerating on part of the cut root with twenty parts of cold distilled water for two hours, then straining through muslin without pressure, and dissolving in fifteen parts of the liquid twenty-four parts of sugar. It is of a yellowish color and has a mild agreeable odor. – The National Dispensatory 1879
  • Syrup is the best form for young children and infants. – Grieves
 
Misc:
  • Marshmallow Water (Grieves)
    Soak one ounces of marshmallow roots in a little cold water for half an hour; peel off the bark or skin, cut up the roots into small shavings, and put them into a jug to stand for a coupe of hours. The decoction must be drunk tepid and may be sweetened with honey or sugar-candy, and flavored with orange-flower water, or with orange-juice. Marshmallow water may be used with good effect in all cases of inveterate coughs and catarrhs.
  • For Gravel (Grieves)
    Put the flower and plant (all but the root) of Marsh mallows in a jug, pour boiling water, cover with a cloth, let it stand three hours to make strong. If used for gravel or irritation of the kidney, take ½ pint as a tea daily for four days, then stop a few days, then go on again. A teaspoon of gin may be added when there is no tendency to inflammation.
  • The leaves and/or root are used as a fomentation for treating all forms of swelling, pain, abscesses, and festering sores.
  • Cosmetically: Can be applied in lotions and creams for blemishes or sore skin, and in bath or facial steams.
  • The Root, boiled in a broth with parsley or fennel roots, do help to open the body, and are very convenient in hot agues, or other distempers of the body – Culpepper 1826
  • Apply the boiled leaves warm to the belly. Easeth the pains and torments of the belly coming thereby, and are therefore used in all clysters conducing to those purposes – Culpepper 1826
  • The decoction of the seed of any of the common mallows made in milk or wine, doth marvellously help excoriation, the phthisic, pleurisy, and other diseases of the chest and lungs, that proceed of hot causes, if it be continued taking for some time together – Culpepper 1826

Pharmacological Research

  • The results of an in vitro study suggest that the adhesive effects of certain plant-derived polysaccharides to mucous membranes may account, in part, for the therapeutic effects of mucilage-containing plants in treating irritated buccal membranes. Polysaccharides from marshmallow root demonstrated moderate bio-adhesion to epithelial tissue.

  • Cold macerate of marshmallow root inhibited esophageal mucociliary transport in vitro.

  • In an experimental model, oral administration of an extract of marshmallow root or the polysaccharide fraction demonstrated significant antitussive activity, depressing the cough resulting from both laryngopharyngeal and tracheobronchial stimulation. This study provides indirect evidence that a soothing action on the upper gastrointestinal mucosa causes reflex soothing of the respiratory tract, leading to bronchodilation and reduced tendency to cough.

  • Extracts of marshmallow root demonstrated potential anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects in vitro, but lack of anti-inflammatory activity was observed after oral administration of marshmallow root in carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. The in vivo anti-inflammatory effect of an ointment containing both marshmallow root extract and dexamethasone was superior to that of the individual ingredients.

  • In Germany, the Commission E supports using marshmallow root and leaf to treat irritation of the oral and pharyngeal mucosa and associated dry cough and marshmallow root tea to treat mild inflammation of the gastric mucosa.

  • ESCOP recommends marshmallow root for treating dry cough and irritations of the oral, pharyngeal, or gastric mucosa.

Safety Concerns and Contraindications

  • Not to be used in states with profuse catarrh or congestion of mucous membranes in respiratory conditions since its mucilage serves to exaggerate the effect of mucosal discharge (Empirical evidence only).
  • The absorption of oral drugs taken simultaneously may be delayed due to its mucilaginous coating effect (Speculative only). It is best to take 2 to 4 hours away from prescription medications due to potential absorption issues.

References

  • Medicinal Herbs Quick Reference Guide – Revision 7 by Julieta Criollo DNM, CHT – Self Published 2017
  • Jeanne Rose Herbal Body Book by Jeanne Rose – Frog Ltd. Berkeley California 2000
  • Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions Third Edition by Francis Brinker ND – Eclectic Medical Publications Sandy Oregon 2001
  • The Encyclopedia of Natural Medicine Third Edition – By Michael T. Murray ND and Joseph Pizzorno ND – Atria Publishing, New York, London, Toronto, Sydney, New Delhi 2012
  • Hildegard Von Bingen’s Physica – The Complete English Translation of Her Classic Work on Health and Healing – Translated from Latin by Priscilla Throop – Healing Arts Press Rochester VT 1998
  • A Modern Herbal by MRS. M. Grieve – Dover Publication NY 1971
  • The Earthwise Herbal A Complete Guide to Old World Medicinal Plants by Matthew Wood- North Atlantic Books Berkeley, California 2008
  • The US National Dispensatory – Yale Iowa 1879
  • Bartram’s Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine by Thomas Bartram – Robinson Publishing, London UK 1998
  • The Male Herbal Health Care for Men & Boys by James Green, Herbalist – The Crossing Press, Freedom California 1995
  • The Natural Guide to Medicinal Herbs and Plants by Frantisek Stary – Tiger Books International  Twickerham, UK 1991
  • A Clinical Guide to Blending Liquid Herbs by Kerry Bone – Chuchill Livingstone (Elsevier) St. Louis Missouri 2003
  • The New Holistic Herbal by David Hoffman – Element Press Shaftsbury, Dorset 1990
  • Herbs for Health and Healing by Kathi Keville – Rodale Press, Inc. Emmaus, Pennsylvania 1996
  • Culpeppers’ Complete Herbal and English Physician – Mr. Nicholas Culpepper – J. Gleave and Son Deansgate Manchester – 1826
  • Medical Herbalism, The Science and Practice of Herbal Medicine by David Hoffman – Healing Arts Press Rochester, Vermont 2003 
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Understanding Herbs - Butterfly Milkweed (Asclepias tuberosa)

7/5/2020

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There is nothing that reminds me more of summer than the beautiful bright yellows and vibrant oranges of mid-summer flowers. Beautiful sunflowers, day lilies, and of course the radiant orange and almost red tones of Butterfly Milkweed (Asclepias tuberosa). Asclepias is one of those powerful herbal medicine allies that has been brushed off of the popular shelf of herbs, but 100+ years ago, this amazing herb was at the forefront of the standard materia medica an was a staple for indigenous groups and settlers across the prairies of North America.

I first learned about it a number of years ago when I was still studying herbal medicine at Dominion Herbal College and began reading Matthew Wood's book The Earthwise Herbal, A Complete Guide to New World Medicinal Plants. I had seen this plant as an ornamental in yards and neighbourhoods from BC to West Virginia and was so pleased to read about its uses and colorful past. 

In an attempt to inspire individuals to learn more about herbal medicine, and to offer students, practitioners, gardeners, or those seeking healing  more complete information about medicinal plants, I am now so pleased to offer you this monograph.

I hope you enjoy reading it as much as I enjoyed writing it.

In health and wellness,
​Petra Sovcov - Clinical Herbal Therapist

Intro

​This beautiful flowering herb is commonly known as Butterfly Weed, Swallow Wort, Wind Root, Tuber Root, , and Pleurisy Root. It is a perennial herb of the Asclepiadaceae family and is native to the United States and Canada.

Traditionally, Pleurisy Root is used for the condition it is named for, pleurisy. In its actions with pleurisy it is best known for its ability to mitigate associated pain and relieve the difficulty of breathing without being overly stimulating.

It is most beneficial to the respiratory system where it proves itself to be best used with issues such as bronchitis, pneumonia, and dry coughs with pain.

In the nineteenth century pleurisy root was one of the most popular moistening diaphoretics (sweat inducing) and was considered a very common herb by Materia Medica texts at the time.

Parts Used: Root

Actions:
Febrifuge           
Antispasmodic                 
Amphoteric                       
Expectorant                      
Diaphoretic
Carminative       
Anti-Rheumatic               
Tonic                                    
ANS Stimulant                  
Estrogenic
Anti-inflammatory                                          
Anti-pyretic                       
Aperient (mild)
  • Stimulates function of mucous and serous surfaces
  • Pleurisy root was regarded as a lung tonic and the best diaphoretic in the Eclectic Materia Medica.
  • Indigenous people have used pleurisy root both internally and externally for bronchial and pulmonary disorders.

Chemical Constituents:
  • Flavonoids (rutin, kaempferol, quercetin, isorhamnetin)
  • Sugars
  • Steroids
  • Cardiac Glycosides
  • Cardenolides (Asclepiadin, ascelpin)
  • Triterpenes (friedelin, alpha-and beta-amyrin, viburnitol, lupeol)
  • The cardenolides have positive inotropic and cardiotonic effects and have been suggested as possible anti-cancer agents.

What are its uses?

Head, Ears, Eyes, Nose, and Throat:
  • Irritation of the larynx
  • Hoarseness
  • Headache (especially if due to gastric issues)
  • Catarrhal
 
Integumentary System (Skin):
  • Equalizes circulation by opening up surface capillaries and promoting free blood flow.
  • Sedative or relaxing diaphoretic that opens the pores of the pleura and the skin to decongest water and heat.
  • Regulates pores of the skin via the autonomic nervous system
  • “ Pleurisy root, as a gestalt, tends to stimulate skin and mucosal circulation, sebaceous secretions, and sweat; therefore it can be used with great success in tonic formulas for both dry skin and hair, frequent nighttime urination, and generally poor adaptability to changes in heat and humidity” – Michael Moore, MH
  • Skin disorders when the skin is dry and scaly
  • Bruises, sores, and wounds (Topically – traditional Indigenous use)
  • Dry skin conditions
  • Eczema

  • Mental Health:
  • Nervous irritability

  • Nervous System:
  • Stimulant to the autonomic nervous system.
  • Neuralgia with suppressed secretions and pain in the ribs
  • General neuralgia

    ​Respiratory System:
  • Pleurisy (inflammation of the tissue layers lining the lungs and inner chest wall).
  • Painful respiration, especially at the base of the lungs.
  • Pneumonia (also in the early stages and with children)
  • Bronchitis
  • Dry Cough
  • Cough
  • Flu
  • Common Cold (particularly in children)
  • Inflammation of the lungs
  • Mucous/catarrhal affections
  • All bronchial congestions
  • It is par excellent the child’s remedy in chest affections.
  • Asthma with dryness, difficulty breathing and sense of constriction
  • Promotes expectoration and reduces inflammation
  • Painful breathing
  • Any disorders of the respiratory tract
  • Tuberculosis
  • Relieves respiratory pain and eases breathing

​Digestive/Gastrointestinal System:
  • Colic
  • Digestive disturbances
  • Dyspepsia
  • Mucous build up in the GIT
  • Gastritis
  • Flatulent colic
 
 
Excretory System:
  • Dysentery
  • Diarrhea

Cardiovascular System:
  • Pericarditis (inflammation of the pericardium; the fibrous sac surrounding the heart)
  • To slow a rapid pulse
  • Pulmonary congestion
 
Immune/Lymphatic System:
  • High “burning” fever
  • General fever
 
Reproductive System:
  • Uterine conditions and disorders (not typical)
 
Musculoskeletal System:
  • Acute Rheumatism
  • Sharp pain that may be made worse with movement (stitch in the side)
  • Gout
  • Acute Bursitis
  • Arthritic and rheumatic conditions

Specific Diseases/States/Infections/Viruses/Bacteria:
  • Moistens internal membranes
  • Decongests internal fluids that have become stuck or stagnant
  • Exanthematous diseases like rubella and measles
 
Combinations:
  • It is often combined with Angelica and Sassafras for producing perspiration in fever and pleurisy and for equalizing the circulation of the blood.


Safety Concerns and Contraindications

  • No adverse effects expected if taken within recommended doses
  • No documented contraindications known
  • Can be used in small doses in children as a dependable diaphoretic in fever (refer to your Herbalist before dosing)
  • Pregnancy – due to the uterine stimulant action (in vitro IV in rabbit, dog, and cat) and its estrogenic activity (in rats)
  • Due to the heart stimulating effects of the extract (in frogs) and the cardiac glycoside content of the root. The activity of digitaloid glycosides may be enhanced ( this is speculative only, no reports in human cases have been made)
  • Nontoxic, but probably should not be taken by people on digitalis or other cardiac glycosides
  • High doses may lead to nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea (high doses causing this reaction are not defined in claims)
  • Toxic to livestock

References

  • Thomas Bartram (1998). Bartrams Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine. London: Robinson Publishing Ltd
  • Alma R. Hutchens (1991). Indian Herbalogy of North America. Boston and London: Shambhala Publications Inc
  • Francis Brinker, N.D. (2001). Herb Contraindications & Drug Interactions – Third Edition. USA: Eclectic Medical Publications
  • Matthew Wood (2009) The Earthwise Herbal A Complete Guide to New World Medicinal Plants. Berkly, California: North Atlantic Books
  • Julieta Criollo DNM, CHT (2013) Medicinal Herbs Quick Reference Guide – Third Edition. Canada: Published by Julieta Criollo
  • Kerry Bone (2000) A Clinical Guide to Blending Liquid Herbs – Published by Churchill Livingstone, An Imprint of Elsevier
  • Mrs. M. Grieves (1931) A Modern Herbal – Published by Random House Publishers Ltd.
  • Elizabeth M. Williamson (1998) – Potter’s Herbal Cyclopaedia – Saffron Walden The C.W. Daniel Company Limited
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    Petra Sovcov is not a Medical Doctor (MD) nor a Naturopath (ND), she is a Clinical Herbal Therapist (CHT) and holds a Doctorate in Natural Medicine (DNM). The suggestions or recommendations made on this site  are not meant to be a substitute for advice from your MD, or as a substitute for any prescriptions you may be taking. Suggestions followed will be the responsibility of the reader, and are stated with the intention of interest and education only. If you have a health issue, please see your primary care physician (MD) first and foremost.

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